adapted from Practical english usage by Michael Swan
-
Review: Relative pronouns serve two function at once. They are used as
the subjects or objects of verbs like other pronouns; at the same time,
they join clauses together, like conjunctions.
for example:
We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear.
2. Comparative + Subject + Verb + the + comparative + Subject + Verb to say that two changes happen together ( one change depends on the other change)
The more factor of production we have, the more we can produce.
The less one earns, the less one must pay in in income taxes.
3 Prefixes:
inter - between or reciprocal interact: international
over - excessiave (too much): overstocked, overcarefull, overcomsumption
un - not or opposite of: unhappy, unload, unwanted
re - again or back (as it was before): restore, renew, redo, remember.
tri - three: triad, tricycle, triangle
4. A presen participle is the -ing form of the verb.
We usuall use adverbs to modify verbs,
but with certain verbs we can use adjectives. Verbs of this kind include: be, seem, appear, look, sound, taste, smell, feel, remain, become, grow, etc.
We use these verbs to describe the subject of the sentence, and not the action of the verb.
For example: She is kind.
She looks beautiful.
The meet tastes delicious.
6. Inversion of the subject and verb after negatives:
When negative expressions such as no, not, or never, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom come at the beginning of the sentence, the subject and verb are inverted:
Not once did I miss a lession.
Never has Mr .Jones taken a vacation.
At no time can the women talk on the telephone.
barely = vừa đủ, scarcely = hiếm. When never or ever is used the present perfect should be used.
7. as long as
- We can use as long as to express conditions in adverb clauses instead of using if. This expression means but only if and is always followed by a clause. Other expression with the same meaning are provided that or providing that, only if. (chỉ khi, khi)
e.g: you can ask me some questions as long as workers were taken advantage of and held in economic slavery.
- As long as ( or so long as) can also be used to mean during all that time, from beginning to end.
I will never speak to him as long as I live.
- As long as can also mean because:
As long as you're not busy, could you have me with this work?
As long as It's such a nice day, why don't you go for a walk?
8. Gerund use after preparations:
If a verb follows a preposition it must be followed by the gerund form, ie. the noun formed by adding -ing to a verb:
Before going out I phone my wife.
9. Relative pronouns:
Countries that (which) grow rapidly and without major imbalances are admired.
The storm that (which) occurred last week caused great damage to the local people.
10. Conditional sentences when the condition is true:
If a condition is true in the present or future you should use the simple present tense in the if clause and the simple present or simple future in the result clause.
11. Article usage:
- Using A or some:
can be used in two cases:
There are many ways to say because:
They ate because they were hungry.
They ate for the were hungry
They ate since they were hungry.
They ate as they were hungry.
- So and such
Such and So are used to mean very, especially; or someone or something stated or implied.
Such a is used before nouns ( with or without adjectives)
Example: I have never met such a beautiful girl.
SO is used before adjectives (without nouns), or before adverbs:
She is so beautiful.
He spoke so fast.
14. - Ever = at any time (đã từng, bất cứ lúc nào)
Have you ever visited US?
- As and LIKE:
When we want to say that people, things, actions or situations are similar to each other we can use AS or LIKE. They both have the same meaning in Vietnamese but they are used in different structures.
We often leave out words when the meaning can be understood without them.
Despite being rich, she bought the cheapest food.
17. Conditional sentences - If clause is untrue:
If a condition is not true in the present or future, you should use the simple past tense in the "if clause" and would + simple form in the "result clause".
E.g. If I had more time, I would teach extra classes.
If I were you I would go to country side in that event.
18. Infinitive of purpose:
To be safe, the buyer and the seller use the leter of credit
I went there to buy a book
I went there in order to buy a book
I went there so as to by a book.
18. Use CAN and TO BE ABLE
- In the present tense:
I can swim. I am able to swim.
Can you swim? Are you able to swim?
- In the past tense:
I could swim. I was able to swim.
- In the future tense:
I will be able to swim.
I won't able to swim.
Will you able to swim?
19. Infinitives -to + verb
to hope to, to intend to, to promise to, to offer to, to seem to, to pretend to, to expect to, want to need to, to plan to, to decide to, to agree to, to refuse to, to appear to, to ask to, would like to.
- to verb + a pronoun + to + verb
to lead someone to ask
to force .. to, to encourage .. to, to allow .. to, to order .. to, to expect .. to, want .. to, to tell .. to, to remind .. to, to permit.. to, to require .. to, to ask .. to, would like .. to, need .. to.
- Some vers are followed by either a gerund or and infinitive as in: to begin to rise OR to begin rising
to prefer, to continue, to live, to start, to like, to hate
20. Verbs followed by the gerund:
enjoy, mind, quit (give up), finish (get through), stop, mention, avoid, postpone (put off), delay, keep (keep on), consider (think about), discuss (talk about), suggest:
I enjoy watching TV.
21.Whereas and while
- the subject: This is Henry whose wife works for me
- the object: it was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear.
2. Comparative + Subject + Verb + the + comparative + Subject + Verb to say that two changes happen together ( one change depends on the other change)
The more factor of production we have, the more we can produce.
The less one earns, the less one must pay in in income taxes.
3 Prefixes:
inter - between or reciprocal interact: international
over - excessiave (too much): overstocked, overcarefull, overcomsumption
un - not or opposite of: unhappy, unload, unwanted
re - again or back (as it was before): restore, renew, redo, remember.
tri - three: triad, tricycle, triangle
4. A presen participle is the -ing form of the verb.
- It is a part of a verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb "to be": the prices are rising.
- It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of verb "to be": at the going market price
- It is part of a verb if it is accompanied by some form of the verb be or have: He has purchased a car
- It is an adjective if it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be or have: The sellers will raise the price of wheat to ration out a limited supply.
We usuall use adverbs to modify verbs,
but with certain verbs we can use adjectives. Verbs of this kind include: be, seem, appear, look, sound, taste, smell, feel, remain, become, grow, etc.
We use these verbs to describe the subject of the sentence, and not the action of the verb.
For example: She is kind.
She looks beautiful.
The meet tastes delicious.
6. Inversion of the subject and verb after negatives:
When negative expressions such as no, not, or never, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom come at the beginning of the sentence, the subject and verb are inverted:
Not once did I miss a lession.
Never has Mr .Jones taken a vacation.
At no time can the women talk on the telephone.
barely = vừa đủ, scarcely = hiếm. When never or ever is used the present perfect should be used.
7. as long as
- We can use as long as to express conditions in adverb clauses instead of using if. This expression means but only if and is always followed by a clause. Other expression with the same meaning are provided that or providing that, only if. (chỉ khi, khi)
e.g: you can ask me some questions as long as workers were taken advantage of and held in economic slavery.
- As long as ( or so long as) can also be used to mean during all that time, from beginning to end.
I will never speak to him as long as I live.
- As long as can also mean because:
As long as you're not busy, could you have me with this work?
As long as It's such a nice day, why don't you go for a walk?
8. Gerund use after preparations:
If a verb follows a preposition it must be followed by the gerund form, ie. the noun formed by adding -ing to a verb:
Before going out I phone my wife.
9. Relative pronouns:
Countries that (which) grow rapidly and without major imbalances are admired.
The storm that (which) occurred last week caused great damage to the local people.
10. Conditional sentences when the condition is true:
If a condition is true in the present or future you should use the simple present tense in the if clause and the simple present or simple future in the result clause.
11. Article usage:
- Using A or some:
- for
singular count nouns when they present a whole class of things, not
specific things, ie. when you speak in general about something.
e.g. A banana is yellow. - for a singular count nouns that are indefinite, that is, when they are actual things, but are not specifically identified.
I ate a banana. - When you use the word for the first time in a particular context.
That is a dog. It is the biggest dog I have ever seen. - For plural count nouns or for uncountable nouns that are indefinite use some.
I ate some bananas
I ate some fruit.
- For
singular and plural count nouns and uncountable nouns that are
definite, that is, when both the speaker and the listener are thinking
about the same specific thing.
Thank you for the banana.
Thank you for the bananas.
Thank you for the fruit. - Use the for the second mention of tan indefinite noun.
She has a cat. The cat is very fat. - Use the when the noun is unique
The capital of Vietnam is Hanoi. - Use the when refering to a specific noun.
The government budget deficit. - Use
the when you know or assume that your listener is familiar with and
thinking about the same specific thing or person you are talking about.
She is in the house.
can be used in two cases:
- When we talking about things that are done suddenly, unexpectedly or by chance:
He got hit by a ball. - when we are talking about things that we do to ourselves.
when the alarm clock rang, he got up quickly and dot dressed.
There are many ways to say because:
They ate because they were hungry.
They ate for the were hungry
They ate since they were hungry.
They ate as they were hungry.
- So and such
Such and So are used to mean very, especially; or someone or something stated or implied.
Such a is used before nouns ( with or without adjectives)
Example: I have never met such a beautiful girl.
SO is used before adjectives (without nouns), or before adverbs:
She is so beautiful.
He spoke so fast.
14. - Ever = at any time (đã từng, bất cứ lúc nào)
Have you ever visited US?
- As and LIKE:
When we want to say that people, things, actions or situations are similar to each other we can use AS or LIKE. They both have the same meaning in Vietnamese but they are used in different structures.
- LIKE is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or pronoun.
It's very hot. I don't like weather like this.
What does George do? He's a teacher like me.
I'm very much like my brother. - AS is a conjunction, so it is followed by a clause, with a subject and a verb.
You should have done it as I showed you. - In informal American English, LIKE can be used as a conjunction instead of AS.
We often leave out words when the meaning can be understood without them.
- Ellipsis of subject: She was poor but (she was) honest.
- Ellipsis ofverbs (verb phrases): I work in a hospital but my wife (works) on a farm.
- Ellipsis of object: I like (beef) but my sister hates beef.
- Ellipsis of adjectives, determiners, conjunction, prepositions
They are young boys and (young) girls.
- After though/although/even though => we must use a clause.
- But after in spite of/ despite (without of) we must use a word or a group of words without a predicate and often with a gerund (verb+ing)
Despite being rich, she bought the cheapest food.
17. Conditional sentences - If clause is untrue:
If a condition is not true in the present or future, you should use the simple past tense in the "if clause" and would + simple form in the "result clause".
E.g. If I had more time, I would teach extra classes.
If I were you I would go to country side in that event.
18. Infinitive of purpose:
To be safe, the buyer and the seller use the leter of credit
I went there to buy a book
I went there in order to buy a book
I went there so as to by a book.
18. Use CAN and TO BE ABLE
- In the present tense:
I can swim. I am able to swim.
Can you swim? Are you able to swim?
- In the past tense:
I could swim. I was able to swim.
- In the future tense:
I will be able to swim.
I won't able to swim.
Will you able to swim?
19. Infinitives -to + verb
to hope to, to intend to, to promise to, to offer to, to seem to, to pretend to, to expect to, want to need to, to plan to, to decide to, to agree to, to refuse to, to appear to, to ask to, would like to.
- to verb + a pronoun + to + verb
to lead someone to ask
to force .. to, to encourage .. to, to allow .. to, to order .. to, to expect .. to, want .. to, to tell .. to, to remind .. to, to permit.. to, to require .. to, to ask .. to, would like .. to, need .. to.
- Some vers are followed by either a gerund or and infinitive as in: to begin to rise OR to begin rising
to prefer, to continue, to live, to start, to like, to hate
20. Verbs followed by the gerund:
enjoy, mind, quit (give up), finish (get through), stop, mention, avoid, postpone (put off), delay, keep (keep on), consider (think about), discuss (talk about), suggest:
I enjoy watching TV.
21.Whereas and while
Whereas and while are adverb clauses that are used to show direct opposition:
Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
Mary is rich, while John is poor.
Mary is rich, while John is poor.
- BUT is a conjunction used to show direct opposition
Mary is rich, but John is poor.
- However and on the other hand are transition expressions showing direct opposition.
John is poor. Mary, on the other hand, is rich.
22. Double comparatives:
use two comparatives together to say that some thing is changing continuously.
Ex: She is getting thinner and thinner.
It's becoming more and more difficult to find a piece of land in the city.
23. Non-identifying adjective clauses:
There are two types of adjective clauses: identifying and none-identifying
- DO NOT USE COMMAS if the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun it modifies (identifying clause)
-
USE COMMAS if the adjective clause simply gives addional information
and it is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
(none-identifying clause)
Professor who teaches CHemistry i an exellent teacher.
Professor Nu, who teaches English, is an excellent teacher.
Mr Lee, whom met yesterday, teach chemistry.
24. verb + that + subject + infinitive form (without to in front of the verb)
He required that everyone be on time.
insist, demand, suggest, recommend, ask, propose, request, require,..
Very easy toeic
frown
yawn
cry
laugh
nod
act
clap
kiss
through
though
already
yet
sometimes
sometime
pan
pay
sell
try on
shop
return
count
shake
lend
borrow
appointment
promise
be used to
used to
stage
denim
mud
Sometime tommorow, I will paint the fence
always
sometimes
usualy
often
rarely
hardly
ever
never
resemble
frown
yawn
cry
laugh
nod
act
clap
kiss
through
though
already
yet
sometimes
sometime
pan
pay
sell
try on
shop
return
count
shake
lend
borrow
appointment
promise
be used to
used to
stage
denim
mud
Sometime tommorow, I will paint the fence
always
sometimes
usualy
often
rarely
hardly
ever
never
resemble
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